The poultry industry in the U.S. and many other parts of the world are recently being rocked by incidents of bird flu, otherwise known as avian influenza.
This disease can have devastating effects on poultry farm operations and we want to help give you information to keep you informed. In this article, we will touch on what bird flu is, how to spot it; what to do if you see it, and precautions to keep your flock safe.
What is Bird Flu?
Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a respiratory viral infection that primarily affects birds. It can be carried by wild birds like seagulls, geese, ducks, and other shore birds. It is caused by the influenza A viruses which most birds are susceptible to catching. At the moment the various strains of avian influenza include; H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2. But that could change as the virus mutates.
Transmission of Bird Flu:
Avian flu is spread rapidly through contact with/or between infected birds, their droppings, or contaminated surfaces, and materials like boots, hands/gloves, egg crates, bedding, and other equipment.
While most strains of avian influenza do not infect humans, some, such as H5N1, can be transmitted to humans and other mammals through close contact with infected birds or their droppings, saliva, or mucous.
Exposure to Bird Flu:
Ingestion, inhalation, or contact with contaminated animals, surfaces, and materials like bedding that has infected animal residue on them. This is how you might become exposed to bird flu. However, exposure or handling of sick or dead animals are the main risk factors for contracting bird flu.
NOTE: Do not consume or eat any animal products from animals that are ill from the avian flu. Pasteurized milk may be safe because the pasteurization process kills pathogens but there may be a risk of infection or transmission of the virus if raw products are consumed. Please consult your health professional for advice on this.
What Are the Signs of Bird Flu?
There are some concerning symptoms of this disease to be aware of.
Symptoms in Birds:
Symptoms can vary depending on the strain but may include respiratory problems, a drop in egg production, fever, diarrhea, respiratory issues, flu-like symptoms, neurological issues, and death.
Symptoms in Humans:
Humans rarely contract bird flu but it is possible. Symptoms in humans can range from mild to severe and may include red eyes, fever (100ºF or greater), cough, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, runny or stuffy nose, and flu-like or pneumonia-like symptoms. More extreme cases can cause seizures, difficulty breathing, high fever, and other more severe complications.
Treatment for Bird Flu:
Unfortunately, once the bird has contracted the virus there is no cure for birds. It is not likely that a bird will recover from avian influenza, so the options are limited. The good news is that some species of birds are more resilient than others. Talk to your veterinarian if you think that your flock or someone on your farm has become infected.
In the case that a flock has an outbreak, the flock is usually humanly euthanized. For backyard birds and other farm animals that have been exposed, the animal(s) will need to be placed in quarantine to see if the animal recovers. Talk to your veterinarian if you think that your flock or someone on your farm has become infected.
For humans that have contracted bird flu, antiviral medications, rest and drinking fluids can be effective in treating the virus but this should be taken very seriously. It is very important to take preventative and sanitary measures on any farm that has poultry especially if you think there has been an outbreak on your farm. Talk to your doctor or local public health department to arrange testing if you think that you have been infected and for more advice.
Which Types of Birds Are Affected by Bird Flu
Waterfowl: Ducks, geese, swans, storks, gulls and other seabirds, and more. Wild aquatic birds are considered hosts for the viruses.
Hawks, eagles, and falcons: These birds are susceptible to the H5N1 strain
Owls, crows, and vultures: These birds are also susceptible to the H5N1 strain
Domestic poultry; chickens, quail, and turkeys
Pet Birds that have outdoor access
Other mammals are also susceptible to this like cats, dogs, cattle, and even humans.
What To Do If You See Your Flock Has Bird Flu
If you feel like you or your flock has an outbreak preventative sanitation measures should be taken immediately. Talk to your doctor and/or veterinarian if you think that your flock or someone on your farm has become infected.
How To Keep Your Flock Safe From Bird Flu
Everyone who works with poultry should be aware of how to keep your flock safe from the bird flu. No matter the size of your operation. To keep your flock safe from bird flu, it's important to implement strict biosecurity measures and monitor your birds closely. Here’s a list of key steps to help protect your flock:
Limit Contact with Wild Birds: Wild birds can carry the virus without showing symptoms. Prevent contact by keeping your flock in secure, enclosed areas.
Control Contact Between Coops: This ensures that exposure is minimal between your coops.
Disinfect Equipment, Footwear, and Anything That Has Touched the Animal: Regularly disinfect boots, tools, and any equipment that may come into contact with birds or their environment. Consider using footbaths with disinfectant at entry points.
Control Access to the Farm: Restrict visitors and limit access to the poultry area. If visitors must enter, ensure they follow biosecurity measures, such as changing clothes or using disinfected footwear.
Monitor Bird Health: Regularly check for signs of illness, such as sudden death, respiratory issues, or changes in egg production. Report any suspicious symptoms to a veterinarian immediately.
Keep the Environment Clean: Maintain a clean, dry, and well-ventilated living space for your flock. Remove waste, dead birds, and manure regularly to prevent contamination.
Use Fencing and Netting: To keep wild birds away, install sturdy fences and netting around the perimeter of your flock's area.
Quarantine New Birds: Any new birds introduced to your flock should be quarantined for at least 30 days to monitor for signs of illness before they interact with the main flock.
Vaccination (if available): In some regions, vaccines for certain strains of bird flu are available. Check with your vet to see if vaccination is an option for your flock. There is debate whether this helps or hinders though so it's important to weight the risks.
Stay Informed: Keep up to date with local bird flu outbreaks and government advisories that are posted. Early detection and early response are crucial in preventing the spread of this through your flock.
By following these steps, you can reduce the risk of bird flu and keep your flock healthy and safe.
As of February 2025, there are ongoing outbreaks of bird flu and it is recommended to stay informed on the latest updates on Bird Flu and take necessary precautions to protect yourself and your farm.
To track your vaccination records, weights, feedings, tasks, and many other things to keep your flock safe and healthy you can utilize farm management software for your poultry operation. Give Farmbrite a try for free to see how it can help your poultry operation management.